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 What is the Christian concept of the imago Dei? How might it be important to health care, and why is it relevant? 

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1.Sensitivity and specificity are measures of the accuracy of a screening test that we use to identify the presence or absence of a particular condition in an individual.

Sensitivity measures the proportion of true positives that are correctly identified by a screening test. In other words, it tells us the percentage of people who have the condition and are correctly identified by the screening test as having it.

Specificity measures the proportion of true negatives that are correctly identified by a screening test. That is, it tells us the percentage of people who do not suffer from the condition and who the screening test correctly identifies as not suffering.

Both sensitivity and specificity are important in determining the accuracy of a screening test, as they inform us about how effective the test is in correctly identifying both positive and negative cases. Ideally, we want a screening test that has high sensitivity and specificity, so that we can accurately identify the presence or absence of the condition being tested.

There are several factors that can affect sensitivity and specificity:

The threshold or cutoff value used to define a positive screening result. The lower the threshold, the more sensitivity increases but specificity decreases, while a higher threshold increases specificity but decreases sensitivity.

Also important is the prevalence of the condition in the population tested. In a population with high prevalence, the positive predictive value of the test may be higher, while in a population with low prevalence, false positive results may be more common.

Characteristics of the population being tested, such as age, sex, and comorbidities, which may influence the accuracy of the test.

It is important to note that sensitivity and specificity are not absolute measures of a test’s accuracy, but rather represent a balance between correctly identifying true positives and true negatives. Therefore, the decision to use a particular screening test should be based on a thorough evaluation of its performance characteristics and its suitability for the population being screened.

Considering the aforementioned aspects of sensitivity and specificity, we will be able to accurately address research studies, achieving better results.

2. Building evidence-based practice requires difficult assessment of diagnostic tests and measures. Sensitivity and specificity are vital parameters in identifying the validity of this important study. Sensitivity measures the ability of a test to properly identify individuals with a specific condition, while specificity gauges the ability to correctly identify individuals without the condition. Understanding these metrics is a fundamental advance study for healthcare and research settings for accurate disease identification and treatment planning. Sensitivity, also known as the true positive rate, measures the proportion of actual positives correctly identified by the test. High sensitivity ensures that individuals with the condition are unlikely to be missed, reducing the chances of false negatives. For instance, in cancer screening, a highly sensitive test detects can even detect early-stage of the cancers, leading to timely interventions and improved outcomes and like this be able to act. Sensitivity is crucial when early detection significantly influences patient prognosis, allowing for prompt medical intervention. On the other hand, specificity, or by other definition the true negative rate, reflects the proportion of individuals without the condition who are correctly identified by the test. High specificity minimizes false positives, confirming that healthy individuals are not unnecessarily subjected to further, potentially invasive, testing or treatments. For example, in HIV testing, high specificity is vital to prevent unnecessary emotional distress and healthcare costs resulting from false-positive results. Specificity is particularly important when a positive test result can lead to significant consequences, such as starting potent treatments or imposing lifestyle changes. There is often a difference between sensitivity and specificity. Increasing sensitivity may decrease specificity and vice versa, leading to a balance dilemma. Reaching to an optimal equilibrium is essential; too much focus on sensitivity might lead to overdiagnosis and overtreatment, while too much specificity might result in missed diagnoses. Applying the right balance will help individuals and it will and varies based on the medical condition, available treatments, and potential consequences of false results. 

     In summary, sensitivity and specificity are fundamental components in the screening aspects, tests playing a crucial role in evidence-based practice. Understanding and optimizing these parameters are imperative for clinicians and researchers, ensuring that diagnostic tests are trustworthy, leading to improved patient outcomes. By appreciating the balance between sensitivity and specificity, healthcare professionals can make informed choices, enhancing the quality of care and advancing evidence-based medicine.

BIOS242, Week 2-OL

Name:

Lab 2: Bacterial Isolation

Learning Objectives

· Explain the importance of bacterial growth for the investigation of pathological microorganisms

· Use aseptic techniques

· Explain the concept of a single colony

· Perform plate-streaking techniques

· Use selective media for isolation purposes

Techniques in Lab

· Colony screening

· Sterile technique

· Plate streaking

Introduction: Bacterial Isolation Virtual Simulation Lab
In the Bacterial Isolation simulation, you will investigate the cause of a contamination of poultry meat by a dangerous bacteria strain that is resistant to common antibiotics. After taking samples from the chicken farm, you will work in the virtual laboratory to isolate single colonies of the deadly bacteria among a variety of different species. To do so, you will learn how to work under sterile conditions, and you will be able to practice and perfect your plate streaking technique.

Identifying ampicillin resistant bacteria
The premise of the Bacterial Isolation lab is a report of ampicillin resistant bacteria in poultry meat. You will visit the place of origination, a chicken farm, in hopes of identifying the bacteria strain. The first task is to take a sample, which will contain a variety of bacterial strains, and from that, you must identify which strains are resistant to ampicillin by isolating single colonies.

Aseptic technique
In the Bacterial Isolation lab, you will learn how to use aseptic techniques—for example, remembering to turn on the Bunsen burner and sterile their loop in between streaks.

Plate streaking technique
In order to identify the specific bacteria strain, you will have to perform bacterial isolation using the plate streaking technique. There is an unlimited supply of agar plates, giving you the opportunity to practice this technique as many times as you like. Results are given immediately, as opposed to waiting a full 24 hours for incubation, as when performed in real life as opposed to in a virtual simulation. You will also streak a special Salmonella Shigella agar. The Salmonella Shigella agar contains a certain medium that only promotes growth of Gram-negative strains. Each of the different strains will exhibit a certain phenotype when grown on the Salmonella Shigella agar. By using this information you can identify the specific strain that is resistant to ampicillin. The sample will then be sent for further analysis to fully confirm the identity.

Will you be able to complete the task with your knowledge on bacterial isolation and successfully isolate the dangerous bacterial strain?

Questions:

1. Purpose: Please describe in complete sentences and in your own words, the purpose of this experiment.

2. Why is proper aseptic technique important in microbiology?

3. What is the importance of flaming the inoculating loop or needle before
and after each inoculation?

4. If you do not wait 10 – 20 seconds after flame sterilizing the inoculating instruments before obtaining the sample, what might be the consequences?

5. Why is it important to flame neck of the tubes immediately after uncapping and before recapping the tubes?

6. Reflection: Write 5 sentences on what you learned from this simulation, what did you like and what was something that you would not prefer to be in the simulation.

Grading Rubric:

Activity	Deliverable	Points
Document Submission	Complete lab report and answer questions · Purpose (2 point) · Questions (8 points) · Reflection (5 points)	15
Total	Complete all lab	15

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