respond to the discussion using APA format and two scholarly references

 

The suggested disease in the case study is protein malnutrition. It is a condition where the patient does not have adequate protein intake. Genetic disorders can cause protein malnutrition. For instance, cystic fibrosis can lead to pancreatic insufficiency, limiting the production of digestive enzymes necessary for protein digestion (Montoro-Huguet et al., 2021). Celiac disease can lead to malabsorption of many nutrients. Hartnup can hinder the absorption of Tryptophan, which is necessary for protein synthesis (Schmidt-Kastner & Kravetz, 2022). However, these genetic factors may not be adequate to cause protein malnutrition. Other health conditions and poor dietary intake may also play an important role.

          The patient presents with generalized edema of extremities and abdomen due to low levels of albumin (a plasma protein), which causes the leakage of fluids from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissues due to low osmotic pressure. The physiologic response to the stimulus is an attempt for the body to maintain homeostasis amid the lack of adequate protein. The body breaks down muscle tissues to release amino acids necessary for several cellular processes. The process causes muscle wasting and exacerbates protein deficiency.

          Liver cells (hepatocytes) are involved in protein malnutrition. Hepatocytes synthesize plasma proteins, including albumin. Due to inadequate protein, these cells do not produce adequate albumin. Therefore, oncotic pressure in the blood vessels decreases, leading to edema (Grüngreiff et al., 2021). Another characteristic that would change the response is gender influence. The female elderly patient may have low levels of estrogen that would cause hormonal imbalance. Therefore, there would be a decrease in muscle mass and protein synthesis, a possible cause of protein malnutrition. The patient’s progesterone levels may also fluctuate due to menopause, leading to poor nutrient intake and loss of appetite. These gender-based factors may cause protein malnutrition.

Discuss what is happening on a cellular level with the disease process. Be careful to realize that patients have co-morbidities and you may need to discuss the other diseases impact on the pathophysiology and care of the patient.  Three (3) resources after 2008 are required along with APA format. 

Reproductive Case Study

Case Presentation:

An 20y.o., sexually active, college student has been experiencing dysuria for the last couple of days. At one point he noticed that a small amount of yellowish discharge from the tip of his penis. He is in a relationship with his first sexual partner for about 5 months. He has not experienced any similar incidents in this time frame and wonders if his partner has been monogamous. He made an appointment at the school clinic to seek care. He has provided a urine specimen for evaluation.

Physical Exam:

T, 100.6; HR 82, R 18, Bp 120/76.

Yellow discharge noted on penile area

Low back pain

Unilateral left painful, swollen scrotum

Culture was also done to identify the organism

Questioning occurred related to his sexual partners.

Test results came back positive for chlamydia.

Questions:

1. Originally considered a virus, Chlamydia is now recognized as a bacteria. Why is this so?

2. Chlamydial organisms are obligate non-motile intracellular parasites associated with many sexually transmitted diseases. Why?

3. Why can this virus remain latent or subclinical for years before it is diagnosed?

4. What are the treatment options for this patient? Note where you found the evidence to support this treatment.

5. Why did the medical professionals ask him about his sexual partners?

6. If untreated, what complications could occur to his sexual partner?

7. What education is needed for this patient to prevent this from occurring again?

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Module 01 Content

1.

Top of Form

Many people in the US, particularly the elderly, take more than one prescribed medication. CDC (2014) reported that between 2009 and 2012 nearly 48% of persons asked used at least one prescription drug, 22% used three or more prescription drugs, and nearly 11% used five or more.

In a recent study published by the Mayo Clinic, seven out of 10 Americans take at least one prescription drug. The most commonly prescribed drug is antibiotics — taken by 17 percent of Americans — followed by antidepressants and opioids — each taken by 13 percent of Americans. In addition, findings showed that:

· Even more staggering than the CDC findings, currently more than half of Americans take two prescription medications, and 20 percent of Americans are on at least five prescription medications.

· More women than men receive prescription medications.

· Antidepressant prescriptions are more common among women than men and are most common among women ages 50 to 64.

When people take multiple medications, there is a greater risk of confusion about which medications are taken when they are taken, and what they are being taken for. There is also a higher risk for drug interactions and increased side effects and adverse reactions.

Sometimes because of the sheer number of medications being prescribed, they may be forgotten, become too much of a bother, or a financial burden which can significantly impact client compliance and lead to poor health outcomes.

In this written assignment, you will be interviewing a client who is taking multiple prescribed medications (three or more) and submitting a written paper describing the findings from the interview. You will then develop a Client Teaching Plan. Your instructor will assist you in the selection of the client. You must achieve a “pass” in this assignment to satisfactorily fulfill the requirements for the Pharmacology course.

The three parts of this assignment are:

Interview with a client who is taking multiple medications (polypharmacy). You must prepare the client before the interview by explaining why you are conducting the interview. You can say “My assignment is to find out about the medications you are taking so I can determine if you need more information about what you are taking”. You must always get permission from the client to conduct the interview and you must tell the client how the information will be used. You can say, “I will not be using your name in the information I share and I will be submitting it to my instructor only for this student assignment”. If there is important information that needs to be communicated to you, your doctor, family, or nurse, my instructor will assist me in following up on this”. Tell the client you will take no more than 30-45 minutes for the interview.

There may be a family member or significant other present during the interview. That is fine. Be sure to identify who answered a question and if possible always have the client answer first. Always thank the client (and others) when you complete the interview.

Do not use recording equipment for this interview. Have a notepad and pencil or pen and explain that you will be taking notes. When the interview is over, go to a quiet place and take some time to fill in any information you did not jot down. If you wait, you will not remember.

When setting the environment for the interview, make sure the client (and others) are comfortable and you are comfortably seated facing the client. If possible, interview in a quiet place. Ask questions slowly giving the client time to answer. Pay attention to the client's hearing and ability to respond to the questions. Be sure your non-verbal communication demonstrates you are calm and relaxed.

Use the following interview question guidelines when conducting the interview. Be aware that the client may not be able to answer each of the questions with detailed information. Collect as much information as the client is able and willing to give you. Remember you are the interviewer so you will be collecting information and not making any comments about the information shared by the client except to ask for further clarification if you are not sure what was said or need more detail if it is available.

1. What medications are you taking?

1. Before the interview research each of the medications. In your paper include the reason for each medication, the drug classification, the route of administration, the dose, and possible side effects/adverse reactions.

For the following questions, paraphrase the client's answers for your written paper.

1. How long have you taken each of these medications?

1. Do you know why you are taking these medications?

1. Who told you about the medications and why do you need to take them? Were you able to ask any questions about the medications and if so were they answered so you understood what was said?

1. How do you feel about taking these medications?

1. Are you taking other medication purchased “over the counter” such as in a drug store? If so, what is it and why are you taking it?

1. How and when do you take your medications?

1. Do you have any difficulty taking the medications? If so, what happens and how do you deal with any difficulties?

1. Have you ever felt any uncomfortable feelings and body reactions to taking these medications? If so, what were they and how were they handled?

1. If you had the above reaction, did they take you off the medication and replace it with another medication? Were you told why this happened?

1. Do you have any reason not to take the medications?

1. Have you ever not taken the medication? If so, what was the reason?

Ask a final question about whether the client would like to tell you anything further about their medications.

Write a paper describing your research and findings about the medications being taken and the interview results. Report your findings in a 3-5 page written paper. In your paper include the reason for each medication, the drug classification, the route of administration, the dose, and possible side effects/adverse reactions.

Use accurate and appropriate spelling and grammar and APA Editorial Format for sources used in your written paper.

Develop a teaching plan for this client based on your findings. Based on the findings from the interview, develop a 2-3 page teaching plan to include the following:

1. List one goal for this teaching plan

1. Describe two to three teaching resources that might be used

1. Identify two teaching strategies that can be used based on the client interviewed

1. List specific client instructions regarding the medications what adverse reactions they should be aware of/and what to do

1. Identify at least one factor that may negatively influence adherence to the medications and how it can be overcome

1. If, appropriate, describe how the family might be involved in ensuring the client is on a proper and safe medication regime

Bottom of Form

Clearly, diagnosis is a critical aspect of healthcare. However, the ultimate purpose of a diagnosis is the development and application of a series of treatments or protocols. Isolated recognition of a health issue does little to resolve it.

In this module’s Discussion, you applied the Clark Healthy Workplace Inventory to diagnose potential problems with the civility of your organization. In this Portfolio Assignment, you will continue to analyze the results and apply published research to the development of a proposed treatment for any issues uncovered by the assessment.

To Prepare:

• Review the Resources and examine the Clark Healthy Workplace Inventory, found on page 20 of Clark (2015).
• Review the Work Environment Assessment Template*.
• Reflect on the output of your Discussion post regarding your evaluation of workplace civility and the feedback received from colleagues.
• Select and review one or more of the following articles found in the Resources:
  • Clark, Olender, Cardoni, and Kenski (2011)
  • Clark (2018)
  • Clark (2015)
  • Griffin and Clark (2014)

*Template completed in the Week 7 discussion should not be submitted with this assignment.

The Assignment (3-6 pages total):

Part 1: Work Environment Assessment (1-2 pages)

• Review the Work Environment Assessment Template you completed for this Module’s Discussion.
• Describe the results of the Work Environment Assessment you completed on your workplace.
• Identify two things that surprised you about the results and one idea you believed prior to conducting the Assessment that was confirmed.
• Explain what the results of the Assessment suggest about the health and civility of your workplace.

Part 2: Reviewing the Literature (1-2 pages)

• Briefly describe the theory or concept presented in the article(s) you selected.
• Explain how the theory or concept presented in the article(s) relates to the results of your Work Environment Assessment.
• Explain how your organization could apply the theory highlighted in your selected article(s) to improve organizational health and/or create stronger work teams. Be specific and provide examples.

Part 3: Evidence-Based Strategies to Create High-Performance Interprofessional Teams (1–2 pages)

• Recommend at least two strategies, supported in the literature, that can be implemented to address any shortcomings revealed in your Work Environment Assessment.
• Recommend at least two strategies that can be implemented to bolster successful practices revealed in your Work Environment Assessment.