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Summary and Descriptive Statistics

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There is often a requirement to evaluate descriptive statistics for data within an organization or for health care information. Every year, the National Cancer Institute collects and publishes data based on patient demographics. Understanding differences between the groups based upon the collected data often informs health care professionals about research, treatment options, or patient education.

Using the data on the “National Cancer Institute Data” Excel spreadsheet (attached), calculate the descriptive statistics indicated below for each of the race/ethnicity groups. Refer to your textbook and the topic Resources, as needed, for assistance with creating Excel formulas.

Provide the following descriptive statistics:

  1. Measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode.
  2. Measures of variation: variance, standard deviation, and range (a formula is not needed for range).
  3. Once the data are calculated, provide a 150-250-word analysis of the descriptive statistics on the spreadsheet. This should include differences and health outcomes between groups.

APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

This assignment uses a rubric (attached). Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. 

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Create A Reply For A Discussion Using APA 7 Format, And Scholarly References No Older Than 5 Years

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Please ensure that the reply includes more than 200 words with scholarly articles, and the plagiarism level must remain below 20%.

Knowledge in nursing is constantly developing and very dynamic. The grand nursing theories have played a central role in this evolution as they laid the foundations: conceptual frameworks that have guided practice, education, and research. However, we now ask ourselves: is it pertinent to continue using these theories today? Have they become obsolete in the face of the contemporary needs and realities of the profession? To guide this analysis, let’s look at both sides of the coin: the arguments for and against.

First, it must be said that great nursing theories offer a holistic view of nursing care. These theoretical knowledge bodies allow nurses to understand and address patients’ needs comprehensively. They facilitate the systematization of practice and ensure that interventions are based on solid and coherent foundations. Nursing practice and research are guided and structured by these nursing models and theories, which have historically served as the basis for nursing education (Maxwell, 2023). How can we ensure preparation in nursing if we do not know how the thinking of our predecessors on health, care, patient, environment, and nursing evolved? These theories ensure that future professionals acquire an understanding of the basic principles of the discipline. Properly applying theories in practice facilitates comprehensive approaches aimed at patient-centered care (Maxwell, 2023).

But why do some professionals argue that great nursing theories may not be fully adapted to the current complexities and challenges of clinical practice? The rigidity of some of them could limit the ability of nurses to respond flexibly and effectively to emerging situations and the changing needs of patients. The evolution of science and technology in health demands more dynamic and specific theoretical frameworks that can be easily integrated into evidence-based practice (Roy, 2021). So, despite the substantial theoretical framework that supports and guides the work of nurses, these are of relegated importance in professional practice, which suggests the need to update and adapt existing theories. In addition, cultural diversity and variations in health systems globally require more contextualized and adaptable approaches (Roy, 2021). Hence, middle-range theories and situation-specific theories have emerged as more applicable alternatives to particular contexts (Roy, 2021). These, more focused, favor the prescription of practice and theoretical verification (Maxwell, 2023). The combination of traditional theoretical frameworks with new perspectives is the actual formula for offering more effective, personalized care based on scientific evidence. Knowing how to generate new knowledge and integrate the positive aspects of all eras will lead us to excellence in our practice.

References

Maxwell, E. (2023). Perspectives: Who needs theory? Journal of Research in Nursing, 28(4), 314-317. 10.1177/17449871231178926

Roy, S. C. (2021). Nursing theory makes a practice turn in the 21st century. Aquichan, 21(4). https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2021.21.4.2

Create A Reply For A Discussion Using APA 7 Format, and Scholarly References No Older Than 5 Years

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Please ensure that the reply includes more than 200 words with scholarly articles, and the plagiarism level must remain below 20%.

The ongoing development of nursing knowledge is essential for advancing both nursing practice and research. Nursing grand theories, such as Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory and Roy’s Adaptation Model, have historically provided comprehensive frameworks for addressing complex patient needs across diverse clinical settings. These theories guide nursing practice by emphasizing the importance of holistic care, which integrates the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of patients. However, as the healthcare landscape evolves, the relevance of these grand theories in contemporary nursing practice has been called into question due to the shift toward evidence-based practice (EBP), which is more focused on actionable and measurable outcomes (Schultz et al., 2022).

             Supporters of the ongoing use and development of nursing grand theories argue that they provide an overarching structure for understanding the complexity of human health and behavior. For example, Roy’s Adaptation Model has been applied to a wide range of healthcare settings to guide nurses in assessing patients’ ability to adapt to illness and other health challenges (Roy et al., 2021). Recent evidence shows that the use of grand theories can lead to improved outcomes in nursing practice. In a study by Zhang et al. (2021), the application of Roy’s Adaptation Model in the care of elderly patients in long-term care facilities enhanced patient satisfaction, improved care coordination, and led to better health outcomes. This indicates that grand theories still offer valuable guidance in certain contexts, particularly when addressing holistic patient care.

              Despite this, critics argue that the abstract nature of grand theories makes them difficult to implement in today’s highly specialized and dynamic clinical environments. With the increasing reliance on technology and data-driven approaches in modern healthcare, nurses are often expected to apply evidence-based guidelines that provide specific, targeted interventions for particular conditions. For example, clinical practice guidelines for diabetes management and wound care are evidence-based and grounded in research, providing nurses with concrete tools for improving patient outcomes (Melnyk et al., 2020). Studies have shown that evidence-based practices lead to more effective, measurable patient outcomes compared to theoretical models alone (Fitzpatrick & Wallace, 2020).

         Furthermore, the shift toward EBP is supported by research that emphasizes the need for clinical decisions to be based on the best available evidence rather than abstract theories. Melnyk et al. (2020) found that EBP improves nursing care by reducing complications, decreasing healthcare costs, and enhancing overall patient outcomes. This research highlights the importance of a practical, evidence-driven approach to nursing care, which often contrasts with the broad, generalized nature of grand theories.

              In conclusion, while nursing grand theories have historically contributed to the development of nursing knowledge, the growing emphasis on evidence-based practice suggests that these theories must evolve or be complemented by more specific, evidence-driven approaches. Nurses should continue to integrate grand theories into their practice where applicable, but also embrace evidence-based practices to ensure that patient care is both effective and measurable in today’s fast-paced healthcare environment.

References:

Fitzpatrick, J. J., & Wallace, M. (2020). Nursing theories and nursing practice: An exploration of evidence-based applications. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 10(7), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v10n7p85

Melnyk, B. M., et al. (2020). Evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare: A guide to best practice. Wolters Kluwer. https://shop.lww.com/evidence-based-practice-in-nursing-healthcare/p/9781975185725?srsltid=AfmBOorgWDRWOYJaWdiNaRm0GSt9iBfMCWs4-U1du6rOcgraid67kvF1

 Roy, C., et al. (2021). The Roy Adaptation Model: A framework for patient-centered care. Nursing Science Quarterly, 34(3), 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/08943184211002917

 Schultz, D., et al. (2022). The evolution of nursing theories and the role of evidence-based practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 31(11-12), 1237-1244. https://doi.org/10.1111/jon.16135

 Zhang, X., et al. (2021). Application of Roy’s Adaptation Model to improve outcomes in elderly long-term care patients. Geriatric Nursing, 42(1), 87-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.08.008

week 1

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Compare the four levels of prevention (primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary) with the levels of service provision available across the life span. (CLO #2)

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Discussion

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The development of nursing knowledge is an ongoing process. Discuss the case for the ongoing development and use of nursing grand theories and conversely, make a case for the obsolescence of nursing grand theories for today’s practice and research.

Please include 300 words in your initial post with two scholarly articles 

APA style, with citations and references less than 5 years (from USA)

See attachment (1)

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