During the student nurses’ first lecture in their
community health nursing course, the specialty of
community health was reviewed historically with
students. The students received information about the
contributions of selected nursing leaders
throughout history to the advancement of community
health nursing. Societal influences on the development
and practice of community health nursing were
included in the lecture. At the end of the lecture,
students were requested to prepare a one-page
summary about the lecture that included answers to
several questions.
1. The specialty of community health nursing
developed historically through four stages.
What was the major advancement for
community health nursing in each of the four
stages?
2. How does current nursing practice compare
with nursing practice at different points in
history? How has historical nursing practice
influenced current nursing practice?
3. What are examples of the academic and
advanced professional preparation of
community health nursing?

1. Answers must:
   • Be 100 words or more
   • Use the standard English grammar and spelling
   • References are cited (if necessary)

Healthy People 2030 objectives are organized into intuitive topics so you can easily find the information and data you’re looking for. Pick a topic you’re interested in and explore the related objectives. Some Healthy People 2030 objectives are also Leading Health Indicators (LHIs) a subset of high-priority objectives that cover the life span. Browse Healthy People 2030 LHIsLinks to an external site.

https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/leading-health-indicators

1. Select and list one indicator of your choice.

2.Explain why you chose that indicator. Describe the steps a BSN prepared nurse can take to help achieve that indicator by the year 2030.

Answer should be at least two paragraphs, double spaced. APA format 7th edition.

The Significance of Composition and Size in Sampling

     Sampling is a fundamental aspect of research that directly affects the validity, reliability, and generalizability of study findings. The composition and size of a sample influence how well a study represents the target population, impacting the accuracy and applicability of results. The composition of a sample refers to the characteristics of the participants included in a study, such as demographic factors, health status, and socioeconomic background. Ensuring that a sample reflects the target population is critical for producing meaningful results. If a sample lacks diversity or does not represent the population accurately, it can introduce bias, limiting the study’s external validity (Taherdoost, 2016). Additionally, sampling methods also play a role in study outcomes. Probability sampling, such as simple random sampling or stratified sampling, increases the likelihood that the sample represents the broader population, reducing selection bias (Etikan & Bala, 2017). In contrast, non-probability sampling methods, such as convenience or purposive sampling, may introduce bias but are often used when studying specific populations or when resources are limited. For example, in qualitative nursing research exploring the lived experiences of patients with chronic pain, purposive sampling would be appropriate to select participants who meet specific inclusion criteria.

Sample Size and Its Effects on Study Outcomes

      Sample size directly impacts the study’s statistical power and the reliability of its findings. A larger sample size increases the likelihood of detecting true differences within a study, reducing the risk of Type II errors (Bujang, 2022). In contrast, a small sample size can lead to unstable estimates and limit the study’s generalizability. Researchers often use power analysis to determine the appropriate sample size for quantitative studies to ensure statistical significance while avoiding unnecessary resource expenditure (Kang, 2021). Regarding qualitative research, a sample size is determined by data saturation, meaning that researchers continue collecting data until no new themes or insights emerge. While qualitative studies typically require smaller sample sizes, researchers must ensure they include diverse perspectives to enhance the credibility of findings (Hennink & Kaiser, 2022).

      In conclusion, both the composition and size of a sample significantly influence the reliability and applicability of research findings. A well-composed sample improves external validity by accurately representing the target population, while an appropriately sized sample ensures sufficient statistical power. By carefully selecting both sample composition and size, researchers can enhance the quality of nursing research and contribute to evidence-based practice that improves patient care.

References

Bujang, M. A., Sa’at, N., Tg Abu Bakar Sidik, T. M. I., & Chien Joo, L. (2018). Sample Size Guidelines for Logistic Regression from Observational Studies with Large Population: Emphasis on the Accuracy Between Statistics and Parameters Based on Real Life Clinical Data. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 25(4), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2018.25.4.12

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Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and Sampling Methods. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6), 215–217. https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2017.05.00149

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Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2022). Sample Sizes for Saturation in Qualitative Research: a Systematic Review of Empirical Tests. Social Science & Medicine, 292(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523

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Kang, H. (2021). Sample Size Determination and Power Analysis Using the G*Power Software. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 18(17), 17. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.17

Taherdoost, H. (2016). Sampling Methods in Research Methodology; How to Choose a Sampling Technique for Research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 5(2), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3205035

The significance of composition and size of the sampling to be studied correlates to the size of the study and the representativeness of such study. The study size must be ethical and must be clearly stated. The protection of the participants must be outlined and detailed to protect its participants. Composition and size both are crucial to the research study to one is intended to present. Composition refers to the population being studied and its characteristics in contrast to the size which refers to the sample being researched and evaluated. Both composition and size play an important role in the research when producing a good outcome.

           The sample size for a study needs to be estimated at the time the study is proposed; too large a sample is unnecessary and unethical, and too small a sample is unscientific and unethical (Andrade, 2020). Studies in populations need to be done in sample sizing due to the inability to study a population as a whole, thus sampling sizing will provide a more accurate study. The necessary sample size can be calculated, using statistical software, based on certain assumptions. If no assumptions can be made, then an arbitrary sample size is set for a pilot study (Andrade, 2020). An appropriate sampling technique with the exact determination of sample size involves a very vigorous selection process, which is actually vital for any empirical research. It is obvious that these methodological decisions would greatly affect the internal and external validity and the overall generalizability of the study findings (Ahmed, 2024).

           In conclusion when choosing a composition and a sampling size for research it is imperative that it is done in an ethical manner, the sample size must take into consideration as well as the population and effect size, statistical power and confidence level must be present allowing room for error. Precise calculation of sample size is an important step in such research, knowing the factors affecting the study will also play an important part in the research. Sample size calculations require assumptions about expected means and standard deviations, or event risks, in different groups; or, upon expected effect sizes (Andrade, 2020).

References

Andrade C. (2020). Sample Size and its Importance in Research. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 42(1), 102–103. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_504_19

Bishop D. V. M. (2021). Using multiple outcomes in intervention studies: improving power while controlling type I errors. F1000Research, 10, 991. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73520.3

Buchholz, B.S.M.P.M.S. W. (2021). Research for Advanced Practice Nurses (4th ed.). Springer Publishing LLC. https://online.vitalsource.com/books/9780826151339

Sirwan Khalid Ahmed (2024). How to choose a sampling technique and determine sample size for research: A simplified guide for researchers, Oral Oncology Reports, Volume 12,100662, ISSN 2772-9060, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662.

#1

 

Reply from Heather Lopresto

To be an advocate for Policy development at the Federal level, you must be actively engaged with legislative efforts. To do so, you will need to be aware of who your legislators are.

In your discussion post, address the following:

• In which state do you live?

I live in the State of Florida

• Who are your state legislators? Include both your state senator and your state representative.

Senate: Danny Burgess

Representative: Danny Alvarez 

• Who are your federal legislators? Include both your U.S. senator and U.S. representative. (You could have more than one for each.)

Senate: Rick Scott and Ashley Moody

Representative: Vern Buchanan

Then, visit Congress.govLinks to an external site. and choose one piece of pending federal legislation about which you feel passionate.

• What is the name of the pending legislation? Include both number and title.

I chose H.R. 8848 – Affordable and Safe Prescription Drug Importation Act of 2024. This bill would allow U.S. residents to import prescription drugs from other countries where they are often sold at lower prices (Congress.gov, 2024). 

• Where is it in the policy development process – is it heading to the House or heading to the Senate?

The bill is currently in the House of Representatives, specifically with the Committee on Energy and Commerce. If the committee approves the bill, it will go to the full House for a vote. If passed, it will move to the Senate for further consideration. As Mason et al. (2021) explain, bills usually start in one part of Congress, and if they are approved, they continue through various steps until they can become law.

• Why are you passionate about this particular piece of pending legislation?

I feel strongly about this bill because prescription drug prices in the U.S. are too high for many people. Expensive medications often prevent people from getting the treatment they need, which leads to worse health outcomes. Allowing Americans to buy cheaper drugs from other countries could help make healthcare more affordable and accessible, especially for those who struggle to afford their medications.

• Depending on whether it’s approaching the House or the Senate, which of your federal legislators would you contact if you wanted to advocate for this bill to become a law?

Since this bill is in the House of Representatives, I would contact my representative to express my support for the bill. If my representative is on the Energy and Commerce Committee, I would try to reach out to them, as they are directly involved in reviewing the bill. According to Mason et al. (2021), contacting key legislators is an important step in advocating for a bill. Even if my representative isn’t on the committee, I would still encourage them to support the bill when it comes up for a vote in the House.

#2

 

I currently live in Texas and have multiple state and federal legislators. On the state level, there is Phil King as Senator and Mike Olcott as state representative (Plural Policy, n.d.). For my federal legislators, you’ll find Craig Goldman, John Cornyn as representatives and Ted Cruz as the senator (Plural Policy, n.d.).

One piece of pending federal legislation that stands out to me is the Nurse Overtime and Patient Safety Act of 2024 (H.R. 7546). This bill would amend the Social Security Act to limit how much mandatory overtime nurses can be required to work in certain Medicare-participating facilities. Right now, it’s in the House of Representatives, specifically with the House Committee on Energy and Commerce (Congress.gov, 2024).

I’m passionate about this bill because mandatory overtime is a huge issue in nursing. I habitually work overtime, but by choice. I don’t believe that overtime should be mandatory to where a nurse doesn’t get to decide her hours each week. Long hours lead to burnout, mistakes, and overall poor patient care. Nurses aren’t robots—we need rest to provide safe, quality care. If this bill passes, it could help improve working conditions and patient outcomes.

Since it’s still in the House, I’d reach out to Craig Goldman, my U.S. Representative for Texas’s 12th Congressional District, to advocate for it. A quick email or call explaining why this matters could make a difference. Nurses’ voices need to be heard on this one!

Reference:

Congress.gov. (2024). H.R.7546 – Nurse Overtime and Patient Safety Act of 2024. U.S. Congress. Retrieved March 12, 2025, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/7546Links to an external site.