Assigment .Apa seven . All instructions attached.

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rt 2 Writing Assignment Week 7

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Health Promotion Proposal, Part 2 Content

1.

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Health Promotion Proposal, Part 2

This is a continuation of the health promotion program proposal, part one, which you submitted previously. 

Please approach this assignment as an opportunity to integrate instructor feedback from part I and expand on ideas adhering to the components of the MAP-IT strategy. Include necessary levels of detail you feel appropriate to assure stakeholder buy-in.

 

Directions 

You have already completed the steps 1-4. 
Do not resubmit part 1. Make sure you revise this initial submission according to your instructor’s comments. 

To assist in maintaining harmony between Part I and 2 here you have a reminder of the previous paper outline:

· 1. Describe the health problem. Using data and statistics support your claim that the issue you selected is a problem. What specifically will you address in your proposed health promotion program? Be sure your proposed outcome is realistic and measurable. 

· 2. Describe the vulnerable population and setting. What are the risk factors that make this a vulnerable population? Use evidence to support the risk factors you have identified. 

· 3. Provide a review of literature from scholarly journals of evidence-based interventions that address the problem. After completing a library search related to effective interventions for your chosen health promotion activity, you will write a review that evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of all the sources you have found. You might consult research texts for information on how to write a review of the literature found in your search. 

· 4. Select an appropriate health promotion/disease prevention theoretical framework or conceptual model that would best serve as the framework guiding the proposal. Provide rationale for your selection which includes discussion of the concepts of the selected model 

 

For this assignment develop criteria 5-8 as detailed below: 

You will submit just this section 5-8 as essay. Please do not resubmit Part 1. 

Use a presentation page. Start the body of content with topic 5.

· 5. Propose a health promotion program using an evidence-based intervention found in your literature search to address the problem in the selected population/setting. Include a thorough discussion of the specifics of this intervention which include resources necessary, those involved, and feasibility for a nurse in an advanced role. 

· Be certain to include a timeline. (2 to 4 paragraphs- you may use bullets if appropriate). 

· 6. Thoroughly describe the intended outcomes. Describe the outcomes in detail concurrent with the SMART goal approach. 
The SMART goal statement should be no more than one sentence (1 paragraph). 

· 7. Provide a detailed plan for evaluation for each outcome. (1 paragraph). 

· 8. Thoroughly describe possible barriers/challenges to implementing the proposed project as well as strategies to address these barriers/challenges. (1 paragraph). 

· Finish the paper with a conclusion paragraph (1 paragraph) without typing the word “conclusion” before the paragraph. 

Paper Requirements 

Your assignment should be up to 3-5 pages (excluding title page and references). 

Remember, your Proposal must be a scholarly paper demonstrating graduate school level writing and critical analysis of existing nursing knowledge about health promotion. 

Finish the essay with a your reference page.

Please review the Grading Rubric for this Assignment.

 

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Health promotion w1 peer resp

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Health promotion week1 peers response 

respond to peers thoughtfully, add value to the discussion, and apply ideas, insights, or concepts from scholarly sources, such as: journal articles, assigned readings, textbook material, lectures, course materials, or authoritative websites. For specific details and criteria, refer to the discussion rubric in the Menu (⋮) or in the Course Overview Weekly Discussion Guidelines

1st peers post

Emilee Harper

WEEK 1 DISCUSSION 2

· Define health promotion in your own words.

 Health promotion, in my own words, is the process of empowering individuals, communities, and societies to enhance their overall well-being and achieve their highest level of physical, mental, and social health. It involves dedicated efforts to prevent illness, promote healthy behaviors, and address the encouragement of health to achieve optimal quality of life. 

· Discuss the differences in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

1. Primary Prevention: This focuses on preventing the onset of health issues. It aims to reduce the risk of disease or injury before they occur. Examples include vaccinations, health education, and lifestyle interventions to promote healthy habits.

2. Secondary Prevention: Secondary prevention is about early detection and intervention to prevent the progression of a health issue. It includes activities like regular screenings, diagnostic tests, and prompt treatment to control a disease or injury in its early stages.

3. Tertiary Prevention: Tertiary prevention is geared towards minimizing the impact of established diseases or injuries and preventing their complications. It involves rehabilitation, disease management, and strategies to improve the patient's quality of life.

 

· Identify two patient-focused topics of interest from the Healthy People 2030 website that interest you. For each topic, identify an objective from the Healthy People 2030 website on which you would like to focus. Why are these topics of interest to you? Provide a rationale for your selections.

1. Topic 1: Mental Health and Mental Disorders

· Objective: “Increase the proportion of children, adolescents, and adults who receive treatment for a major depressive episode.”

· Rationale: Mental health is a critical but often stigmatized aspect of overall well-being. Focusing on increasing access to treatment for depression aligns with the goal of promoting mental health and reducing the burden of mental disorders.

2. Topic 2: Substance Abuse (Drug and Alcohol Use)

3.  

· Objective: “Reduce the proportion of people who misuse prescription drugs in the past year.”

· Rationale: The misuse of prescription drugs is a growing public health concern. Reducing this misuse can reduce the associated health risks, addiction, and adverse consequences on individuals and communities.

 

Increase the proportion of children and adolescents who get appropriate treatment for anxiety or depression – EMCD04. Increase the proportion of children and adolescents who get appropriate treatment for anxiety or depression – EMCD04 – Healthy People 2030. (n.d.).
https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/children/increase-proportion-children-and-adolescents-who-get-appropriate-treatment-anxiety-or-depression-emc-d04

Prevention strategies – STATPEARLS – NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537222/ Kisling LA, M Das J. Prevention Strategies. [Updated 2023 Aug 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-.

Reduce the proportion of people who misused prescription drugs in the past year – su12. Reduce the proportion of people who misused prescription drugs in the past year – SU12 – Healthy People 2030. (n.d.).
https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/drug-and-alcohol-use/reduce-proportion-people-who-misused-prescription-drugs-past-year-su-12

 

2nd peer post

Melinda Goebel

Health Promotion is a huge factor in health care. It is about taking care of your health and preventing or treating disease and illness. Primary prevention is mostly about preventing damage to your health before it can occur. Secondary prevention is about preventing the illness from progressing and further damaging health. Tertiary prevention helps manage long term, complex health problems to improve life with the disease as much as a possible.

 

I chose to focus on Heart Disease and Stoke from the Health People 2030 website. I chose this because it relates so closely to my practice at work on a Heart and Vascular Unit. Another reasoning I had behind researching this topic is because it is so relevant in health promotion and heart disease effects so many Americans, when it could be prevented.

 

Part of the Heart Disease and Stroke topic included screening for atrial fibrillation. This objective caught my interest because it is so much more common than people realize and often people live with atrial fibrillation without knowing until a larger event, such as heart attack or stroke occur. It could do so much for Secondary Prevention if the general population had more of an understanding of atrial fibrillation and a way to screen.

 

Diabetes is a huge problem in the population of the United States and effects so many of all ages. As a nurse I about half of my patient will come in with type 2 diabetes. This is another disease that has so many other effects on the body and health that could be prevented or controlled.

 

Type 2 diabetes is occurring in children and young adults more often. This could be prevented with education on a balanced diet and the risk of being diabetic. There is also ways to control blood sugars and lower A1C in these younger generations that are being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2021). Healthy People 2030. Health.gov. https://health.gov/healthypeople

Assigment .Apa seven . All instructions attached.

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rt 2 Writing Assignment Week 7

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

Health Promotion Proposal, Part 2 Content

1.

Top of Form

Health Promotion Proposal, Part 2

This is a continuation of the health promotion program proposal, part one, which you submitted previously. 

Please approach this assignment as an opportunity to integrate instructor feedback from part I and expand on ideas adhering to the components of the MAP-IT strategy. Include necessary levels of detail you feel appropriate to assure stakeholder buy-in.

 

Directions 

You have already completed the steps 1-4. 
Do not resubmit part 1. Make sure you revise this initial submission according to your instructor’s comments. 

To assist in maintaining harmony between Part I and 2 here you have a reminder of the previous paper outline:

· 1. Describe the health problem. Using data and statistics support your claim that the issue you selected is a problem. What specifically will you address in your proposed health promotion program? Be sure your proposed outcome is realistic and measurable. 

· 2. Describe the vulnerable population and setting. What are the risk factors that make this a vulnerable population? Use evidence to support the risk factors you have identified. 

· 3. Provide a review of literature from scholarly journals of evidence-based interventions that address the problem. After completing a library search related to effective interventions for your chosen health promotion activity, you will write a review that evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of all the sources you have found. You might consult research texts for information on how to write a review of the literature found in your search. 

· 4. Select an appropriate health promotion/disease prevention theoretical framework or conceptual model that would best serve as the framework guiding the proposal. Provide rationale for your selection which includes discussion of the concepts of the selected model 

 

For this assignment develop criteria 5-8 as detailed below: 

You will submit just this section 5-8 as essay. Please do not resubmit Part 1. 

Use a presentation page. Start the body of content with topic 5.

· 5. Propose a health promotion program using an evidence-based intervention found in your literature search to address the problem in the selected population/setting. Include a thorough discussion of the specifics of this intervention which include resources necessary, those involved, and feasibility for a nurse in an advanced role. 

· Be certain to include a timeline. (2 to 4 paragraphs- you may use bullets if appropriate). 

· 6. Thoroughly describe the intended outcomes. Describe the outcomes in detail concurrent with the SMART goal approach. 
The SMART goal statement should be no more than one sentence (1 paragraph). 

· 7. Provide a detailed plan for evaluation for each outcome. (1 paragraph). 

· 8. Thoroughly describe possible barriers/challenges to implementing the proposed project as well as strategies to address these barriers/challenges. (1 paragraph). 

· Finish the paper with a conclusion paragraph (1 paragraph) without typing the word “conclusion” before the paragraph. 

Paper Requirements 

Your assignment should be up to 3-5 pages (excluding title page and references). 

Remember, your Proposal must be a scholarly paper demonstrating graduate school level writing and critical analysis of existing nursing knowledge about health promotion. 

Finish the essay with a your reference page.

Please review the Grading Rubric for this Assignment.

 

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week 7

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Our Struggle for Freedom, Civil Liberties And Political Equality

Discussion

Required Resources

Read/review the following resources for this activity:

· Textbook: Chapter 15, 16

· Lesson: Read this Week's Lesson which is located in the Modules tab.

· Initial Post: minimum of 2 scholarly sources (must include your textbook for one of the sources). Follow-Up Post: minimum of 1 scholarly source for your Follow-Up Post.

· Your Initial Post and your Follow-Up Post must be based on the same Option that you chose in order to receive credit for both posts. 

Initial Post Instructions

For the initial post, respond to one of the following options, and label the beginning of your post indicating either Option 1 or Option 2:

·
Option 1: The Equal Rights Amendment was first proposed almost a century ago and has still not been added to the United States Constitution. It is supposed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. It was first introduced to Congress by Alice Paul, leader of women's suffrage movement in 1923. Compare/contrast the Equal Rights Amendment with the Fourteenth Amendment. Did they deal with separate concepts? Explain your answer.

·
Option 2: The Bill of Rights is not only included with the United States Constitution but also state constitutions. All states have provisions in their constitutions that protect individual rights. Go online and look up your state constitution concerning amendments that are included in the Bill of Rights. How does your state constitution protect your individual rights?

Be sure to make connections between your ideas and conclusions and the research, concepts, terms, and theory we are discussing this week.

Writing Requirements

· Minimum of 2 posts (1 initial & 1 follow-up)

· Minimum of 2 sources cited (assigned readings/online lessons and an outside source) for your Initial Post, and 1 scholarly source for your Follow-Up Post.

· APA format for in-text citations and list of references

· Ebook:
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/reader/books/9780135246849/pageid/11

· The Struggle for Democracy, 2018 Elections and Updates Edition

· Or
[email protected]

· PWD: Bryanthierry@09

·

informatics

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During the course, you have done a thorough analysis of a company and the health care subsector in which the company operates now is the time to look at all your findings and insights and be bold and make at least three predictions of what will happen to this organization or industry. Think in terms of the forces that affect your organization, its infrastructure and workforce challenges, if there are any reforms that may have a major impact? Be bold but NOT too bold. Think of a future that is plausible. 

Reflective question answers. mreen

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Read the following case study and answer the reflective questions.  Please provide evidence-based rationales for your answers.  APA, 7th ed. must be followed. 

EVIDENCE BASE IN DESIGN

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Maria Hernandez

Main Post:

H.R. 977- Patient Access to Higher Quality Health Care Act of 2023.

 

Description: When a patient has health insurance, depending on which premium, they are made to use providers or hospitals that are “in-network” to avoid higher costs of services. This can often be an issue for patients because some providers are not in network with their health insurance, specifically Medicare recipients. The Patient Access to Higher Quality Health Care Act would “repeal changes made by health care reform laws to the Medicare exception to the prohibition on certain physician referrals for hospitals” (Congress.gov, 2023).

Background: According to the American Hospital Association, “For decades, the Ethics in Patient Referrals Act (“Stark Law”) has protected the Medicare program from the inherent conflict of interest created when physicians self-refer their patients to facilities and services in which they have a financial stake” (AHA, n.d.). At one point, physicians were allowed to make referrals to hospitals with ownership within the entire facility; this gap was closed in 2010 when the Affordable Care Act was passed.  

Social Determinant: One social determinant is access to health care and quality care. Patients, regardless of their socioeconomic status, should receive high-quality care. The American Hospital Association states, “The Government Accountability Office (GAO), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and MedPAC all found that physician-owned hospitals’ patients tend to be healthier than patients with the same diagnoses at general hospitals” (AHA, n.d.). This would lead those with serious illnesses to rely on general hospitals for healthcare services.

Evidence: The growth of Physician-owned hospitals was prohibited in 2010 after the passing of the Affordable Care Act. According to Ehrenfeld, “a systematic review of 30 years of research demonstrating that physician-owned specialty hospitals or so-called “focused factories” offer higher-quality care at comparable or lower cost, while physician-owned community hospitals are no worse than their counterparts” (Ehrenfeld, 2023). If H.R. 977 is passed into law, it would allow physicians of physician-owned hospitals to extend their services to the community by opening new hospitals that would provide high-quality, efficient care and be affordable to patients. This would place competition against general hospitals at risk of losing market share, leading them to reform their services to stay in competition. This would benefit patients in being able to seek assistance in a variety of hospital or hospital-owned facilities. 

 

References:

American Hospital Association. (n.d.). Fact sheet: Physician self-referral to physician-owned hospitals. https://www.aha.org/fact-sheets/2023-02-27-fact-sheet-physician-self-referral-physician-owned-hospitals

Congress.gov. (n.d.). H.R.977 – 118th Congress (2023-2024): Patient Access to Higher Quality Health Care Act of 2023. https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/977?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22HR+977%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1

Ehrenfeld, J. M. (2023, August 10). End restrictions on physician-owned hospitals to expand Quality Care. American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/about/leadership/end-restrictions-physician-owned-hospitals-expand-quality-care

Discussion 500 words. Make sure you provide 2 references and utilize APA style.. . Discussion Rubric

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Epidemiology and the stages of disease prevention

In this activity, you will apply the concept of prevention in terms of stages to a chronic disease control strategy in your country and consider the ways in which epidemiology can inform public health intervention.

Step 1: Review Table 6.1 “Levels of prevention” found on page 104 in this resource: Basic Epidemiology. (see attachment here) 

WHOBasicEpidemiology.pdf

Step 2: Choose one non-communicable chronic disease that is either prevalent in your community and one that you should know about as an APN.  

Step 3: Briefly describe several actions the APN, the state and US could take to contribute to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of your chosen chronic disease.  

Please address each of the following points in 200 to 300 words:

Primary: Briefly research (using online resources from a government, university, or professional association) and summarize the common risk factors for your chosen disease. Explain one or more actions your state/country could take to reduce the population’s exposure to one or more of these risk factors. (Note: Specify if you are recommending a strategy that targets the entire population or only high-risk individuals. ‘Population strategy’ and ‘High-risk individual strategy’ are described on pages 105-108 of the activity resource.)

Secondary: Briefly describe at least one common screening test for your chronic disease, and one or more actions your state/country could take to increase access to or increase public awareness of the benefits of this test. (Government websites are often a good place to get information about screening programs in your country. For example, information on cancer screening in the U.S.A. can be found here: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/)

Tertiary: Summarize one or more actions the healthcare system in your state/country could take to reduce the progression or complications of the disease you chose to focus on. (For example, you could describe the treatment, rehabilitation, or any other approaches that would help people, with the chronic disease, live longer and healthier lives).

Please be sure to adhere to the following when posting your weekly discussions:

1. Students are to write their name and the appropriate discussion number/discussion title in the title bar for each discussion. For example Discussion 1: Micheal Cabrera or Discussion 3: Sheila Smith. This is important in identifying that students are submitting original posts as well as response posts as required.

2. Students are to submit their discussions directly onto Blackboard Discussion Board Attachments submitted as discussion board posts will not be graded.

3.  As a reminder, all discussion posts must be minimum 500-550 words, references must be cited in APA format 7th Edition, and must include minimum of 3 scholarly resources published within the past 5-7 years (not part of the classroom coursework).  

FOCUSED CASE STUDY 2

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 Marie, A 58-year-old woman with a complicated history which includes chronic low back pain, bipolar disorder, mixed anxiety, and depressive disorder presents to her PCP, a PA, complaining of constipation for several months 

reply 2

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Initial Post

Foundational Neuroscience

The term foundational neuroscience refers to a three-course series that explores the structure and function of the nervous system – from the inner workings of a single nerve cell to the staggering complexity of the brain and the social interactions it enables (Harvard Edu. 2020)

According to studies, cases of mental and psychiatric conditions have been on the increase. As a result of this crisis, there is a need for quality psychiatric health care that encompasses appropriate knowledge by health practitioners of dealing with these issues (Harvard Edu. 2020). This involves a deep understanding of the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and understanding the impact of certain drugs on a specific disorder. It has been advocated those psychiatric patients be referred to as clients as it is more favorable for mental health. This discussion will address the agonist and antagonistic agents, g- g-couple proteins and ion-gated channels, and the role of epigenetics in psychopharmacology.

The agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents.

 Also known as the agonist spectrum, describes the range of effects that can be exerted by psychopharmacological agents. For example, it describes how some medications/drugs can stimulate receptors in the brain just like natural neurotransmitters and how other drugs can block/prevent this action (Stahl, 2013). For example, benzodiazepines (Valium) increase/mimic the GABA neurotransmitter (agonist) and Flumazenil decreases/blocks this neurotransmitter (antagonist).  The agonist-to-antagonist spectrum psychopharmacologic agents work at the sites of neurotransmission and conduct their effects based on a spectrum of agonist-to-antagonist (Stahl, 2013). The spectrum ranges from true agonist to inverse agonist. Some examples of effects between the two ends are partial agonist, silent antagonist, and partial inverse agonist.

Agonist

Agonist is a chemical substance that binds to and activates certain receptors on cells. Agonistic drugs are drugs that modify or change the state of receptors to trigger a biological response. Oxycodone, morphine, heroin, fentanyl, methadone, and endorphins are all examples of opioid receptors (Stahl, 2013). According to Stahl (2013), a full agonist allows the receptor to fully open the ion channel which allows the downstream signal transduction to occur maximally. An agonist is any drug that activates specific brain receptors, thereby causing the full effects of the drug to take place

Partial Agonist

A partial agonist is any drug that acts as an agonist, but the degree of receptor activation is reduced. The receptor has a resting state. When a partial agonist is in contact with the receptor in a resting state, the ion channel will partially open, allowing some downstream signal transduction (Stahl, 2013).

Antagonist

Antagonistic drugs refrain or stop minimizing any biological response by blocking any presenting receptors (Camprodon et al., 2016). The antagonist will return the receptor to a resting state (Stahl, 2013). Constitutive activity still occurs in the presence of an antagonist, which is the minor ion flow despite being in a resting state (Stahl, 2013). When a drug is classified as an antagonist, it means that it blocks the receptors, so they are not able to bind to the agonist. In the realm of opioids, an example of an agonist is Heroin, the antagonist is Naloxone, while the the partial agonist is Buprenorphine. To illustrate this example, Heroin is an addictive agonistic substance. In the case of heroin overdose, Naloxone, an antagonist can be used to reverse the binding and block receptors from binding with free-floating Heroin. The pharmacological treatment for heroin addiction often includes the partial agonist, Buprenorphine. Buprenorphine allows partial binding to opioid receptors, thus reducing withdrawal symptoms and curving drug cravings (Camprodon et al., 2016).

Inverse Antagonist

Inverse agonists are the last type on the spectrum. Inverse agonists cause receptor changes, leading to the closing of the ion channels and eventual inactivation if not reversed (Stahl, 2013).

G Couple Proteins and ion-gated channels

G couple proteins and ion-gated channels are both major membrane receptors. The binding of a signaling molecule to a G-coupled protein receptor results in G protein activation, which in turn triggers the production of any number of second messengers, leading to G-coupled proteins helping to regulate a person’s immune system, growth, taste, smell, behavior, and mood (Rosenbaum et.al, 2009). Gated ion channels are proteins that open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+or Cl- to pass through the cell membrane in response to a ligand such as a neurotransmitter (Stahl, 2013).

Comparison between G-couple protein and ion-gated channel and their actions

 The ion-gated channels, commonly known as, ligand-gated channels consolidate rapid postsynaptic responses while G-proteins consolidate slow postsynaptic responses (Camprodon et al., 2016). In terms of structure, the ion-gated channels are pores that open and close at the ligand binding while G-proteins include a single polypeptide. The G-protein receptors interact with proteins while ion channels regulate the flow of ions. G Couple Proteins and Ion-Gated Channels. Neurotransmission occurs not only electrically such as with ion-gated channels but also occurs chemically at receptors. G-protein linked receptors have seven transmembranes that each have a receptor to bind a neurotransmitter (Stahl, 2013). The first messenger is an extracellular neurotransmitter, and it passes the message to the second messenger system (Stahl, 2013). When the first messenger binds to the receptor, it changes the shape allowing the binding of the G protein, which then changes confirmation to allow binding with an enzyme (Stahl, 2013). Once bound, cyclic adenosine monophosphate is synthesized leading to the second messenger continuing neurotransmission to other messengers (Stahl, 2013).

Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action.

Epigenetics not only has a role in the development of psychiatric and mental health disorders, but it can also affect the way medications work for each person. DeSocio (2016) describes synaptogenesis as the development of new neuronal connections that occur more rapidly during childhood but continue through adulthood as well. When stress hormones are present at high levels, there is a decrease in synaptogenesis (DeSocio, 2016).  Epigenetics can be defined in many ways, but the basis is that gene function can be altered without changing the DNA and RNA code. This functional change in the gene can also be inherited (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016, p. 64). As a result, epigenetics can determine how a medication works and what illnesses an individual may develop. If a medication works on a specific gene, but that gene has an altered function, the drug’s efficacy may change. For example, individuals with altered dopamine formation and receptor binding may have an affinity toward drug addiction or a degree of natural tolerance (Saad et al., 2019, p. 1534). For non-addictive substances, this logic holds as to why some medications work for one person, but not another individual.

Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to patients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a patient in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action.

The above concepts of foundational neuroscience analyses will have an impact on how and what a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner will prescribe to all clients. The knowledge learned will enable the provider to determine exactly which medication will help each client the most for their illness whether it be short-term or long-term. The PMHNP will be made more aware of the effectiveness of all medications used and their action for the client’s individual needs. Examples of the effects and actions are used to treat clients with anxiety and insomnia such as benzodiazepines which have an immediate effect on clients. Benzodiazepines can act as a full agonist on a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) by exhibiting an anxiolytic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, amnestic, and muscle relaxant action (Stahl, 2013). Benefit-risk assessments must be considered by all providers when prescribing specific drugs to certain groups of clients. Extra care should be considered for clients, such as pregnant women, children, and the elderly because of their vulnerable states (Alshammari, 2016). An advanced psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be able to match the client’s symptoms with the correct medication to sometimes control their difficult symptoms (Laureate Education, 2016).

References

Alshammari, T. M. (2016). Drug safety: The concept, inception, and its importance in patients’ health. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 24 (4), 405-412. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2014.04.008

Camprodon, J. A., & Roffman, J. L. (2016). Psychiatric neuroscience: Incorporating pathophysiology into clinical case formulation. In T. A. Stern, M. Favo, T. E. Wilens, & J. F. Rosenbaum. (Eds.), Massachusetts General Hospital psychopharmacology and neurotherapeutics (pp. 1-19). Elsevier.

DeSocio, J. E. (2015). Epigenetics: An Emerging Framework for Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nursing. Perspectives in Psychiatric care/Volume 52, Issue 3/.201-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12118Links to an external site.

Harvard University (2020). Fundamentals of Neuroscience: Electrical Properties of the Neuron. Retrieved September 4, 2023, from https://www.edx.org>lrstn>harva…

Laureate Education (Producer). (2016i). Introduction to psychopharmacology [Video file]. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.eduLinks to an external site.

Rosenbaum, M. J., Clemmensen, L. S., Bredt, D. S. et al. Targeting receptor complexes: a new dimension in drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 19, 884-901 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-0086-4

Saad, M. H., Rumschlag. M., Guerra, M. H., Savonen, C. L., Jaster, A. M., Olson, P. D., Alazizi, A., Luca, F., Pique-Regi, R., Schmidt, C. J., & Bannon, M, J. (2019). Differentially expressed gene networks, biomarkers, long noncoding RNAs, and shared responses with cocaine identified in the midbrains of human opioid abusers. Scientific Reports, 9, pp. 1534. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-38209-8

Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.